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1
- Political status
Bulgaria is a republic with a
democratic multiparty regime. The present
constitution was created in 1991. The
party in power is the Bulgarian Socialist
Party (125 seats).
The
President of the Republic is M Petar
Stoainov. There are 240 seats in
Parliament.
Historical outline :
681 : The first Bulgarian state was
created by Khan Asparoukh
1396 : Ottoman domination
1878 : Liberation from 5 centuries of
Ottoman occupation by the Russians.
1914 and 1940 : War on the side of the
Germans
9th September 1944 : Adoption of a
'Popular Democratic' regime
(Communist)
10th November 1989 : Todor Jivkov (who had
been in power for the last 35 ans) was
removed from office. He was replaced by M.
Mladenov. It was the fall of
Communism.
1st August 1990 : The President Jeliou Jev
Jelev replaced M. Mladenov.
14th February 1991 : The Turkish language
is once more authorised in the
schools.
9th July 1991 : A new constitution was
adopted by Parliament.
19th January 1992 : Presidential
elections, Jeliou Jelev is re-elected
28th October 1992 : M. Filip Dimitrov, the
Prime Minister is overthrown
30th December 1992 : M. Luben Berov
becomes Premier Ministre.
2nd September 1994 : Fall of M. Luben
Berov.
2 - Geographical Situation
Bulgaria is a small country with 9
million inhabitants.
Sofia is the capital.
The surface of the territory is 110 912
sq. kms., about one fifth the size of
France.
The country is made up of mountains, pine
forests, fertile plains, rivers and
valleys.
It is situated in south-eastern Europe,
with Rumania to the north, Greece and
Turkey in the south and Yugoslavia in the
west. The eastern coast line is on the
Black Sea.
The coastline measures 300 kms and is only
steep in the north. The only particular
relief is the Bourgas Gulf and the Varna.
There are numerous lagoons and sandy
plains.From
the northern border (marked by the Danube)
to the Balkan Chain stretches a plateau
irrigated by the tributaries of the Danube
(Isker, Vit, Jantra). This plateau is
fertile and farmed, but in the east and in
the south there is predominantly oak
forests.
The Balkan Chain (from west to east)
contains peaks of over 2000 meters : the
Botev (2376 m) and the Vezen (2197 m). On
their upper slopes there are pine forests
and lower down forests of large-leaved
trees.
The plain which is situated between the
Balkans and the Rhodope range is crossed
by the Mariza, 540 kms long, coming from
the Rila Mts and going to the Egean Sea on
the Greek and Turkish border.
Regions : Sofia, Plovdiv, Haskovo, Burgas,
Montana, Lovetch, Razgrad
3 - Economy
In 1994 and 1995 the economy registered a
distinct growth. Then the stagnation of
foreign investment (ROVER, the English car
manufacturer pulled out of Bulgaria), the
high level of unemployment, the
devaluation of the Lev by 68% in May 1996,
and structural reforms discouraged the
international financial institutions who
withdrew their aid in 1995. The government
of M J Videnov, elected in December 1994
failed in its objectives (he was replaced
in January 1997 by M Stoianov). During
1995 salaries dropped by 11.8% and this
had repercussions on the economy. 85% of
the population live under the poverty
line. The economic embargo against
Yugoslavia had negative effects, a drop of
47% of Bulgarian exports , representing a
loss of 1.83 billion dollars, 13.7% of the
GDP.
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